Velicer, Gregory J.; Raddatz, Guenter; Keller, Heike; Deiss, Silvia; Lanz, Christa; Dinkelacker, Iris; Schuster, Stephan C.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2006), 103(21), 8107-8112 CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN: 0027-8424. English.

Precise characterization of the mutation histories of evolutionary lineages is crucial for understanding the evolutionary process, yet mutation identification has been constrained by traditional techniques. We sought to identify all accumulated mutations in an exptl. evolved lineage of the cooperative bacterium Myxococcus xanthus, which constructs fruiting bodies by a process of social multicellular development in response to starvation. This lineage had undergone two major transitions in social phenotype: from an ancestral cooperator to a socially defective cheater, and from the cheater to a competitively dominant cooperator that re-evolved social and developmental proficiency. The 9.14-Mb genome of the evolved, dominant cooperator (strain "PX") was sequenced to ≈19-fold coverage by using recent "sequencing-by-synthesis" technol. and partially sequenced (≈45%) by using capillary technol. The resulting data revealed 15 single-nucleotide mutations relative to the laboratory ancestor of PX after the two phases of exptl. evolution but no evidence of duplications, transpositions, or multiple-base deletions. No mutations were identified by capillary sequencing beyond those found by pyrosequencing, resulting in a high probability that all mutations were discovered. Seven errors in the reference strain previously sequenced by the Sanger approach were revealed, as were five mutational differences between two distinct laboratory stocks of the reference strain. A single mutation responsible for the restoration of development in strain PX was identified, whereas 14 mutations occurred during the prior phase of exptl. evolution. These results provide insight into the genetic basis of two large adaptive transitions in a social bacterium.